Main Article Content
Abstract
Researchers assessed the impacts of a social justice-infused masters-level counseling program (N = 210) over a five-year period. A social justice-infused masters-level counseling program is defined as a program that teaches social justice concepts as the focal point of each class, with the counseling content being gleaned through that lens. Social justice is not an afterthought in coursework but rather the primary focus. Impacts were assessed using the Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI LLC, 2020). Results offer useful data that could inform other counseling programs looking to assess students' overall intercultural, cultural, or multicultural counseling competence throughout their programs.
Keywords
Article Details
References
- Bennett, M.J. (1986). A developmental approach to training for intercultural sensitivity.
- International Journal of Intercultural Relations 10 (2), 179-95
- Burkard, A. W., Ponterotto, J. G., Reynolds, A. L., & Alfonso, V. C. (1999). White counselor
- trainees' racial identity and working alliance perceptions. Journal of Counseling &
- Development, 77(3), 324-329. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1999.tb02455.x
- Celinska, D., & Swazo, R. (2016). Multicultural curriculum designs in counselor education programs: Enhancing counselors-in training openness to diversity. The Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision, 8(3), 1-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7729/83.1124
- Chang, D. F., & Berk, A. (2009). Making cross-racial therapy work: A phenomenological study of clients’ experiences of cross-racial therapy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 521-536. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016905
- Claney, D., & Parker, W. M. (1989). Assessing White racial consciousness and perceived comfort with Black individuals: A preliminary study. Journal of Counseling & Development, 67, 449-451. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1989.tb02114.x
- Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. (2016). 2016 CACREP standards. Retrieved from https://www.cacrep.org/for-programs/2016-cacrep-standards/
- Dameron, M.L., Camp, A., Friedmann, B., & Parikh-Foxx. (2020). Multicultural Education and Perceived Multicultural Competency of School Counselors. Journal of Multicultural Counseling & Development, 48(3), 176-190. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12176
- Day-Vines, N. L., Ammah, B. B., Steen, S., & Arnold, K. M. (2018). Getting comfortable with discomfort: Preparing counselor trainees to broach racial, ethnic, and cultural factors with clients during counseling. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 40(2), 89–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-017-9308-9
- Day-Vines, N. L., Cluxton-Keller, F., & Agorsor, C. (2021). Strategies for Broaching the Subjects of Race, Ethnicity, and Culture. Journal of Counseling & Development, 99, 348-357.
- Day-Vines, N. L., Bryan, J., & Griffin, D. (2013). The broaching attitudes and behavior survey (BABS): An exploratory assessment of its dimensionality. Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/j.2161-1912.2013.00037.x
- Decker, K. M., Manis, A. A., & Paylo, M. J. (2016). Infusing social justice advocacy into
- counselor education: Strategies and recommendations. Montclair: North Atlantic Region Association for Counselor Education and Supervision. doi:10.7729/83.1092
- Estrada, F., & Rigali-Oiler, M. (2016). Interest in the teaching alliance and its associations with multicultural counseling education. International Journal of the Advancement of Counselling, 38, 204-217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-016-9266-7
- Evans, K. M., & Foster, V. A. (2000). Relationships among multicultural training, moral development, and racial identity development of White counseling students. Counseling and Values, 45, 39-48. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.2000.tb00181.x
- Flom, B. L., Brouillard, D. Z., & Rothaupt, J. W. (2010). Addressing racial identity development in an introductory school counseling course. Retrieved from http://counselingoutfitters.com/vistas/vistas10/Article_22.pdf
- Hammer, M.R. (2011). Additional cross-cultural validity testing of the Intercultural Development Inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35, 474-487.
- Hammer, M.R., Bennett, M.J. & Wiseman, R. (2003), The Intercultural Development Inventory: A measure of intercultural sensitivity. In M. Paige (Guest Editor), International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27, 421-443.
- Hanson, W. E., Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark, V. L., Petska, K. S., & Creswell, J. D. (2005). Mixed methods research designs in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 224-235. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.224
- Helms, J. E. (Ed.). (1990). Black and White racial identity: Theory, research, and
- practice. Greenwood Press.
- Helms, J. E. (2008). A race is a nice thing to have: A guide to being a White person or understanding the White persons in your life (2nd ed.). Microtraining Associates.
- Hilert, A. J., & Tirado, C. (2018;2019;). Teaching multicultural counseling with mindfulness: A contemplative pedagogy approach Springer. doi:10.1007/s10447-018-9363-x
- Hipolito-Delgado, C. P., & Reinders-Saeman, R. (2017). What do allies do?: Providing culturally responsive counseling to communities of color. Revista Interamericana de Psicologia/Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 51(2), 214-225. https://doi.org/10.30849/rip/ijp.v51i2.342
- Hooks, J. N., Farrell, J. E., Davis, D. E., DeBlaere, C., Van Tongeren, D. R., & Utsey, S. O. (2016). Cultural humility and racial microaggressions in counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(3), 269–277. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000114
- IDI LLC. (2020). IDI validation research. The roadmap to intercultural competence using the IDI. https://idiinventory.com/idi-validation/
- Johnson, A., & Jackson Williams, D. (2015). White racial identity, color-blind racial attitudes, and multicultural counseling competence. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 21(3), 440-449. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037533
- King, K., Borders, D., & Jones C. (2019). Counseling Students’ Emotions During Cultural Immersion: Impact on Reactance. Counselor Education & Supervision, 58, 195-208. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12150
- Lee, S. M., Puig, A., Pasquarella-Daley, L., Denny, G., Rai, A. A., Dallape, A., & Parker, W. M. (2007). Revising the White racial consciousness development scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 39, 194-208. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2007.11909798
- Malott, K. M. (2010). Multicultural counselor training in a single course: Review of research. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 38(1), 51-63. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2010.tb00113.x
- Malott, K. M., & Schaefle, S. (2015). Addressing clients’ experiences of racism: A model for clinical practice. Journal of Counseling & Development, 93, 361-369. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12034
- Malott, K., Paone, T., Rothman, T., & Maddux, C. (2010a). Multicultural counselor training: Assessment of single-course objectives and pedagogical strategies. Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision, 1(2), 56-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7729/12.0109
- Malott, K. M., Paone, T. R., Schaefle, S., Cates, J., & Haizlip, B. (2015b). Expanding White racial identity theory: A qualitative investigation of Whites engaged in antiracist action. Journal of Counseling & Development, 93, 333-343. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12031
- Marfelt, M. M. (2016). Grounded intersectionality: Key tensions, a methodological framework, and implications for diversity research. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 35, 31-47. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-05-2014-0034
- Middleton, R. A., Stadler, H. A., Simpson, C., Y.-J., G., et al., (2005). Mental health practitioners: The relationship between White racial identity attitudes and self-reported multicultural competencies. Journal of Counseling and Development, 83(4), 444-456. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2005.tb00366.x
- Neville, H. A., Heppner, M. J., Louie, C. E., Brooks, L., & Baker, C. E. (1996). The impact of multicultural training on White racial identity attitudes and therapy competencies. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 27, 83-89. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.27.1.83
- Novakovic, A., Michel, R. E., & Ockerman, M.S. (2020). Teaching School Counselors to Use Evidence-Based Practice to Advance Social Justice: A Case Study. Professional School Counseling, 23(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156759X20904472
- Ottavi, T. M., Pope-Davis, D. B., & Dings, J. G. (1994). Relationship between White
- racial identity attitudes and self-reported multicultural counseling competencies.
- Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 149–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.41.2.149
- Paone, T. R., Malott, K.M., Pulliam, N., & Shannon, J. (2019). Experiences of counselor students of color in the classroom: A qualitative study. Race Ethnicity and Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2019.1579186
- Ratts, M. J., Singh, A. A., Nassar, M. S., Butler, S. K., & McCullough, J. R. (2016). Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies: Guidelines for the Counseling Profession. Journal of Multicultural Counseling & Development, 44(1), 28–48. 10.1002/jmcd.12035
- Rothenberg, P. S. (2005). White privilege: Essential readings on the other side of racism. Worth Publishers.
- Rothman, T., Malott, K. M., & Paone, T. R. (2012). Experiences of a course on the culture of Whiteness in counselor education. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 40, 37-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2161-1912.2012.00004.x
- Roysircar, G., Gard, G., Hubbell, R., & Ortega, M. (2005). Developing of counseling trainees’ awareness through mentoring English as a second language students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 33, 17-36. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2005.tb00002.x
- Sammons, C. C., & Speight, S. L. (2008). A qualitative investigation of graduate-student
- changes associated with multicultural counseling courses. The Counseling Psychologist, 36(6), 814–838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000008316036
- Seward, D. X. (2014). Multicultural course pedagogy: Experiences of master's-level students of color. Counselor Education and Supervision, 53(1), 62-79. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2014.00049.x
- Singh, A. A., Appling, B., & Trepal, H. (2020). Using the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies to Decolonize Counseling Practice: The Important Roles of Theory, Power, and Action. Journal of Counseling & Development, 98(3), 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12321
- Smith, J. A., & Eatough, V. (2007). Interpretive phenomenological analysis. In E. Lyons & A. Coyle (Eds.), Analyzing qualitative data in psychology (pp. 35-50). Sage.
- Smith, J. A., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretive phenomenological analysis: Theory, method, and research. Sage.
- Sue, D. W. (2006). The invisible Whiteness of being: Whiteness, White supremacy, White privilege, and racism. In M. G. Constantine & D. W. Sue (Eds.), Addressing racism: Facilitating cultural competence in mental health and educational settings (pp. 15-30). John Wiley & Sons.
- Sue, D. W. (2015). Race talk and the conspiracy of silence: Understanding and facilitating difficult dialogues on race. John Wiley & Sons.
- Swazo, R., & Celinska, D. (2014). Cutting edge practices to teach multicultural competencies in counseling, psychology, and education: Teaching abroad or on campus? Routledge. doi:10.1080/14675986.2014.886821
- Walk the Talk Company. (Producer). (2006). Ouch! That stereotype hurts [DVD]. Leslie Aguila.
- Wiley, A. (2016). Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI): Independent Review. Las Vegas, Nevada: ACS Ventures, LLC.
- Winans, A. E. (2012). Cultivating critical emotional literacy: Cognitive and contemplative approaches to engaging difference. College English, 75(2), 150-170. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24238137
- Zhu, P., Luke, M., & Bellini, J. (2021). A Grounded Theory Analysis of Cultural Humility in Counseling and Counselor Education. Counselor Education & Supervision, 60, 73-89. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12197
References
Bennett, M.J. (1986). A developmental approach to training for intercultural sensitivity.
International Journal of Intercultural Relations 10 (2), 179-95
Burkard, A. W., Ponterotto, J. G., Reynolds, A. L., & Alfonso, V. C. (1999). White counselor
trainees' racial identity and working alliance perceptions. Journal of Counseling &
Development, 77(3), 324-329. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1999.tb02455.x
Celinska, D., & Swazo, R. (2016). Multicultural curriculum designs in counselor education programs: Enhancing counselors-in training openness to diversity. The Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision, 8(3), 1-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7729/83.1124
Chang, D. F., & Berk, A. (2009). Making cross-racial therapy work: A phenomenological study of clients’ experiences of cross-racial therapy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 521-536. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016905
Claney, D., & Parker, W. M. (1989). Assessing White racial consciousness and perceived comfort with Black individuals: A preliminary study. Journal of Counseling & Development, 67, 449-451. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1989.tb02114.x
Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. (2016). 2016 CACREP standards. Retrieved from https://www.cacrep.org/for-programs/2016-cacrep-standards/
Dameron, M.L., Camp, A., Friedmann, B., & Parikh-Foxx. (2020). Multicultural Education and Perceived Multicultural Competency of School Counselors. Journal of Multicultural Counseling & Development, 48(3), 176-190. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12176
Day-Vines, N. L., Ammah, B. B., Steen, S., & Arnold, K. M. (2018). Getting comfortable with discomfort: Preparing counselor trainees to broach racial, ethnic, and cultural factors with clients during counseling. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 40(2), 89–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-017-9308-9
Day-Vines, N. L., Cluxton-Keller, F., & Agorsor, C. (2021). Strategies for Broaching the Subjects of Race, Ethnicity, and Culture. Journal of Counseling & Development, 99, 348-357.
Day-Vines, N. L., Bryan, J., & Griffin, D. (2013). The broaching attitudes and behavior survey (BABS): An exploratory assessment of its dimensionality. Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/j.2161-1912.2013.00037.x
Decker, K. M., Manis, A. A., & Paylo, M. J. (2016). Infusing social justice advocacy into
counselor education: Strategies and recommendations. Montclair: North Atlantic Region Association for Counselor Education and Supervision. doi:10.7729/83.1092
Estrada, F., & Rigali-Oiler, M. (2016). Interest in the teaching alliance and its associations with multicultural counseling education. International Journal of the Advancement of Counselling, 38, 204-217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-016-9266-7
Evans, K. M., & Foster, V. A. (2000). Relationships among multicultural training, moral development, and racial identity development of White counseling students. Counseling and Values, 45, 39-48. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.2000.tb00181.x
Flom, B. L., Brouillard, D. Z., & Rothaupt, J. W. (2010). Addressing racial identity development in an introductory school counseling course. Retrieved from http://counselingoutfitters.com/vistas/vistas10/Article_22.pdf
Hammer, M.R. (2011). Additional cross-cultural validity testing of the Intercultural Development Inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35, 474-487.
Hammer, M.R., Bennett, M.J. & Wiseman, R. (2003), The Intercultural Development Inventory: A measure of intercultural sensitivity. In M. Paige (Guest Editor), International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27, 421-443.
Hanson, W. E., Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark, V. L., Petska, K. S., & Creswell, J. D. (2005). Mixed methods research designs in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 224-235. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.224
Helms, J. E. (Ed.). (1990). Black and White racial identity: Theory, research, and
practice. Greenwood Press.
Helms, J. E. (2008). A race is a nice thing to have: A guide to being a White person or understanding the White persons in your life (2nd ed.). Microtraining Associates.
Hilert, A. J., & Tirado, C. (2018;2019;). Teaching multicultural counseling with mindfulness: A contemplative pedagogy approach Springer. doi:10.1007/s10447-018-9363-x
Hipolito-Delgado, C. P., & Reinders-Saeman, R. (2017). What do allies do?: Providing culturally responsive counseling to communities of color. Revista Interamericana de Psicologia/Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 51(2), 214-225. https://doi.org/10.30849/rip/ijp.v51i2.342
Hooks, J. N., Farrell, J. E., Davis, D. E., DeBlaere, C., Van Tongeren, D. R., & Utsey, S. O. (2016). Cultural humility and racial microaggressions in counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(3), 269–277. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000114
IDI LLC. (2020). IDI validation research. The roadmap to intercultural competence using the IDI. https://idiinventory.com/idi-validation/
Johnson, A., & Jackson Williams, D. (2015). White racial identity, color-blind racial attitudes, and multicultural counseling competence. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 21(3), 440-449. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037533
King, K., Borders, D., & Jones C. (2019). Counseling Students’ Emotions During Cultural Immersion: Impact on Reactance. Counselor Education & Supervision, 58, 195-208. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12150
Lee, S. M., Puig, A., Pasquarella-Daley, L., Denny, G., Rai, A. A., Dallape, A., & Parker, W. M. (2007). Revising the White racial consciousness development scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 39, 194-208. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2007.11909798
Malott, K. M. (2010). Multicultural counselor training in a single course: Review of research. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 38(1), 51-63. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2010.tb00113.x
Malott, K. M., & Schaefle, S. (2015). Addressing clients’ experiences of racism: A model for clinical practice. Journal of Counseling & Development, 93, 361-369. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12034
Malott, K., Paone, T., Rothman, T., & Maddux, C. (2010a). Multicultural counselor training: Assessment of single-course objectives and pedagogical strategies. Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision, 1(2), 56-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7729/12.0109
Malott, K. M., Paone, T. R., Schaefle, S., Cates, J., & Haizlip, B. (2015b). Expanding White racial identity theory: A qualitative investigation of Whites engaged in antiracist action. Journal of Counseling & Development, 93, 333-343. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12031
Marfelt, M. M. (2016). Grounded intersectionality: Key tensions, a methodological framework, and implications for diversity research. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 35, 31-47. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-05-2014-0034
Middleton, R. A., Stadler, H. A., Simpson, C., Y.-J., G., et al., (2005). Mental health practitioners: The relationship between White racial identity attitudes and self-reported multicultural competencies. Journal of Counseling and Development, 83(4), 444-456. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2005.tb00366.x
Neville, H. A., Heppner, M. J., Louie, C. E., Brooks, L., & Baker, C. E. (1996). The impact of multicultural training on White racial identity attitudes and therapy competencies. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 27, 83-89. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.27.1.83
Novakovic, A., Michel, R. E., & Ockerman, M.S. (2020). Teaching School Counselors to Use Evidence-Based Practice to Advance Social Justice: A Case Study. Professional School Counseling, 23(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156759X20904472
Ottavi, T. M., Pope-Davis, D. B., & Dings, J. G. (1994). Relationship between White
racial identity attitudes and self-reported multicultural counseling competencies.
Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 149–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.41.2.149
Paone, T. R., Malott, K.M., Pulliam, N., & Shannon, J. (2019). Experiences of counselor students of color in the classroom: A qualitative study. Race Ethnicity and Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2019.1579186
Ratts, M. J., Singh, A. A., Nassar, M. S., Butler, S. K., & McCullough, J. R. (2016). Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies: Guidelines for the Counseling Profession. Journal of Multicultural Counseling & Development, 44(1), 28–48. 10.1002/jmcd.12035
Rothenberg, P. S. (2005). White privilege: Essential readings on the other side of racism. Worth Publishers.
Rothman, T., Malott, K. M., & Paone, T. R. (2012). Experiences of a course on the culture of Whiteness in counselor education. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 40, 37-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2161-1912.2012.00004.x
Roysircar, G., Gard, G., Hubbell, R., & Ortega, M. (2005). Developing of counseling trainees’ awareness through mentoring English as a second language students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 33, 17-36. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2005.tb00002.x
Sammons, C. C., & Speight, S. L. (2008). A qualitative investigation of graduate-student
changes associated with multicultural counseling courses. The Counseling Psychologist, 36(6), 814–838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000008316036
Seward, D. X. (2014). Multicultural course pedagogy: Experiences of master's-level students of color. Counselor Education and Supervision, 53(1), 62-79. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2014.00049.x
Singh, A. A., Appling, B., & Trepal, H. (2020). Using the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies to Decolonize Counseling Practice: The Important Roles of Theory, Power, and Action. Journal of Counseling & Development, 98(3), 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12321
Smith, J. A., & Eatough, V. (2007). Interpretive phenomenological analysis. In E. Lyons & A. Coyle (Eds.), Analyzing qualitative data in psychology (pp. 35-50). Sage.
Smith, J. A., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretive phenomenological analysis: Theory, method, and research. Sage.
Sue, D. W. (2006). The invisible Whiteness of being: Whiteness, White supremacy, White privilege, and racism. In M. G. Constantine & D. W. Sue (Eds.), Addressing racism: Facilitating cultural competence in mental health and educational settings (pp. 15-30). John Wiley & Sons.
Sue, D. W. (2015). Race talk and the conspiracy of silence: Understanding and facilitating difficult dialogues on race. John Wiley & Sons.
Swazo, R., & Celinska, D. (2014). Cutting edge practices to teach multicultural competencies in counseling, psychology, and education: Teaching abroad or on campus? Routledge. doi:10.1080/14675986.2014.886821
Walk the Talk Company. (Producer). (2006). Ouch! That stereotype hurts [DVD]. Leslie Aguila.
Wiley, A. (2016). Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI): Independent Review. Las Vegas, Nevada: ACS Ventures, LLC.
Winans, A. E. (2012). Cultivating critical emotional literacy: Cognitive and contemplative approaches to engaging difference. College English, 75(2), 150-170. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24238137
Zhu, P., Luke, M., & Bellini, J. (2021). A Grounded Theory Analysis of Cultural Humility in Counseling and Counselor Education. Counselor Education & Supervision, 60, 73-89. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12197